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Soffer and Burger (1988) have obtained evidence that diffusion of oxygen from stationary water into plant tissues is impeded at the water/tissue interface medicine zetia buy oxytrol 5mg low cost. This resistance to treatment 99213 purchase genuine oxytrol on-line diffusion is diminished but not eliminated if the water medicine review purchase discount oxytrol online, or medium, is stirred or agitated (see also Ober and Sharp, 2003). Even a film of liquid over an otherwise exposed explant will reduce the rate of oxygen uptake into the tissues: the thicker the covering, the greater will be the barrier to the passage of the gas (Konings and Jackson, 1979). Oxygen requirements of cultures Partial pressures of oxygen in plants undergoing tissue culture are not often described in scientific papers. There is some evidence that the lowest tolerable level may vary according to plant species (Crawford and Braendle, 1996) but all plants require oxygen to survive, grow and develop. Much of the differential behaviour of plant cultures on liquid and solid media described in the literature may be related to differences in oxygen availability. Plant growth and functioning requires energy, much of which can be provided from metabolism of carbohydrates. Anaerobic respiration will provide energy for growth and functioning but the energy released from carbohydrate metabolism in this way is much reduced. The growth of potato callus can be doubled if the tissue is moved from air to an atmosphere containing 430 Effects of the Physical Environment 70% oxygen. Van der Plas and Wagner (1986) showed that this was because respiration was not at a maximum when the cultures were maintained in air. They suggested that oxygen supplementation could be generally employed to increase the rate of growth of callus cultures without inducing injury. The rate of plant growth can be diminished by limiting oxygen supply (hypoxia, hypooxia). It can be seen to slow down at significantly higher oxygen partial pressures than those that markedly restrict respiration. In a natural environment, roots frequently have to grow in low oxygen tensions: root cultures have been said to tolerate relatively low levels of oxygen availability (Street, 1957, 1969). However, the growth of roots in hydroponic solutions is increased by aeration, and cultured tomato roots will also grow more rapidly if a liquid medium is subjected to a continuous gentle agitation (Said and Murashige, 1979). Roots initiated on the shoots of some plants can be seen to grow on the surface of agar, rather than down into it, suggesting that oxygenation of the medium is limiting. The rate of growth of plant roots grown on media solidified with 1% agar can be almost doubled if the plants are placed instead onto 3. The rate of elongation of maize roots in a humid atmosphere, is reduced to only 50-60% of the maximum, when the partial pressure of oxygen falls to 0. They found that cell division (the number of cells produced or the number of mitotic divisions) was not affected until the partial pressure of oxygen in the gaseous environment was reduced to 1 kPa (0. The formation and growth of adventitious roots on microcuttings is also oxygen-dependent. The rate of uptake of sucrose, nitrate and other nutrient ions by roots or unorganised tissues is reduced in conditions of hypoxia, although nitrogen supply may not limit growth even when the oxygen in solution is as low as 0. Cells die when oxygen levels fall below a critical level (anoxia) and although tissues can survive for extended periods at low oxygen tensions, there is no evidence that plant tissues can grow under these conditions. Growth of non-photosynthetic tissues in vitro can be slowed considerably, apparently without damage, if the oxygen tension of the medium is appreciably reduced, either by supplying a controlled gaseous mixture to the culture or by preventing the diffusion of air by applying mineral oil or silicone overlays. Growth inhibition in these circumstances is due partly to a lack of oxygen, and partly to an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the tissue. Cultures needing good aeration Adequate gaseous exchange is essential to ensure a fast rate of multiplication in most tissue cultures, but a satisfactory rate of growth can usually be obtained when the dissolved oxygen concentration is below the aerobic saturation point. The best cell doubling time in suspension cultures of Euphorbia pulcherrima in one and two litre flasks, was achieved when the partial pressure of oxygen, pO2 was 60% (0. Similarly the best relative growth rate of embryogenic alfalfa suspensions seemed to occur when the medium was aerated so that it was 70% saturated with dissolved oxygen (pO2 0. The rate of growth of the Euphorbia culture (above) declined very rapidly if pO2 dropped below 10% (pO2 0. A relatively high level of dissolved oxygen appears to be necessary for the formation of adventitious bulblets in vitro. Only a very small number of bulblets was formed from Lilium speciosum bulb scales in 100 ml of static liquid medium contained in 300 ml flasks (Takayama and Misawa, 1983). However, the number and dry weight of bulblets produced in 50 ml of the same medium unshaken in 90 x 20 mm Petri dishes were high, and the rate of proliferation even slightly exceeded that obtained when liquid medium in the 300 ml flasks was shaken at 180 rpm.

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E) After running the race and losing both fluid and electrolytes treatment 4 letter word oxytrol 5 mg visa, this person replaces his fluid volume by drinking 2 liters of water medications related to the lymphatic system buy oxytrol 5mg otc. Therefore treatment jones fracture purchase 5mg oxytrol overnight delivery, he would be expected to experience a decrease in plasma sodium concentration, resulting in a decrease in both intracellular and extracellular fluid osmolarity. The decrease in extracellular fluid osmolarity would lead to an increase in intracellular volume as fluid diffused into the cells from the extracellular compartment. Therefore, after drinking the water and absorbing it, the total body volume would be normal but intracellular volume would be increased and extracellular volume would be reduced. B) Increased levels of parathyroid hormone stimulate calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending loops of Henle and distal tubules. Extracellular fluid volume expansion, increased blood pressure, decreased plasma phosphate concentration, and metabolic acidosis are all associated with decreased calcium reabsorption by the renal tubules. Therefore, the most likely cause of the metabolic acidosis is diarrhea, which leads to loss of bicarbonate in the feces. C) In this example, the acidosis is associated with a reduced plasma bicarbonate concentration, signifying metabolic acidosis. In addition, the patient also has an elevated Pco2, signifying respiratory acidosis. A) Chronic respiratory acidosis is caused by insufficient pulmonary ventilation, resulting in an increase in Pco2. F) Because creatinine is not reabsorbed significantly in the renal tubules, the concentration of creatinine progressively increases as water is reabsorbed along the renal tubular segments (see figure below). Therefore, in a normally hydrated person, the concentration of creatinine would be greatest in the collecting ducts. Therefore, infusing the 3% dextrose would decrease extracellular fluid osmolarity, which, in turn, would lead to diffusion of water into the cells. Under steady-state conditions, there would be a reduction in intracellular and extracellular osmolarity, as well as an increase in the fluid volume of both compartments. This excretion, in turn, would cause dehydration and hypernatremia (increased plasma osmolarity). Therefore, the primary loss of water would lead to increases in both extracellular and intracellular fluid osmolarity, as well as decreases in intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes. C) Because inulin is not reabsorbed or secreted by the renal tubules, increasing concentration of inulin in the renal tubules reflects water reabsorption. Thus, an increase of inulin concentration from a level of 2 mg/100 ml in the plasma to 40 mg/100 ml in the cortical collecting tubule implies that there has been a 20-fold increase in concentration of inulin. In other words, only 1/20th (5%) of the water that was filtered into the renal tubule remains in the collecting tubule. Increasing muscle mass due to exercise would cause very little change in serum creatinine. A) In this example, the plasma sodium concentration is markedly increased but the urine sodium concentration is relatively normal, and urine osmolarity is almost maximally increased to 1200 mOsm/L. Primary aldosteronism would tend to cause sodium and water retention with only a modest change in plasma sodium concentration and a marked reduction in the secretion of renin. Likewise, a renin-secreting tumor would be associated with increases in plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity but only a modest change in plasma sodium concentration. Test Bleeding time (template) Erythrocyte count Hematocrit Hemoglobin, blood Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Mean corpuscular volume Reticulocyte count Platelet count Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Partial thromboplastin time (activated) Prothrombin time Bleeding time 4500-11,000/l3 54%-62% 1%-3% 0-0. A) B) C) D) Myeloperoxidase Carbonic anhydrase Superoxide dismutase Globin reductase Questions 3­6 Which points in the figure below most closely define the following conditions? What function do vitamin B12 and folic acid perform that is critical to hematopoiesis? A) Support porphyrin production B) Serve as cofactors for iron uptake C) Support terminal differentiation of erythroid and myeloid cells D) Support production of thymidine triphosphate 10. She has spent the past 2 months hiking through the Himalayas and climbed to the base camp of Mount Everest. A 24-year-old African American man comes to the emergency department 3 hours after the onset of severe back and chest pain. He lives in Los Angeles and had a previous episode of these symptoms 5 years ago while visiting Wyoming.

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The hydrolysate most often used in culture media is that of the milk protein treatment 4 high blood pressure order 2.5 mg oxytrol mastercard, casein medicine symbol discount oxytrol 2.5 mg on-line, although lactalbumin hydrolysate has been employed (La Motte and Lersten medications vs grapefruit buy oxytrol 5 mg cheap, 1971). Peptones and tryptone have been used less frequently, but there are reports of their having been added to media with advantage. Casein hydrolysates can be a source of calcium, phosphate, several microelements, vitamins and, most importantly, a mixture of up to 18 amino acids. Acid hydrolysis can denature some amino acids and so products prepared by enzymatic hydolysis are to be preferred. The best can be excellent sources of reduced nitrogen, as they can contain a relatively large amount of glutamine. Casein hydrolysate produces an improvement in the growth of Cardamine pratensis and Silene alba suspensions, only if the medium is deficient in phosphorus. However several investigators have concluded that casein hydrolysate itself is more effective for plant culture than the addition of the major amino acids which it provides. This suppression was mainly caused by the L-tyrosine in the mixture (Anderson, 1976). The growth rate of cell suspensions is frequently increased by the addition of casein hydrolysate or one or more amino acids (particularly glutamine) to media containing both nitrate and ammonium ions. Some workers have included a mixture of several amino acids in their medium without commenting on how they improved growth. In other cases the benefit resulting from a specific compound has been clearly shown. The lag phase of growth in suspensions of Pseudotsuga menziesii cultured on Cheng (1977; 1978) medium was eliminated by the addition of 50 mM glutamine, and the final dry weight of cells was 4 times that produced on the unammended medium (Kirby, 1982). Similarly the rate of growth of Actinidia chinensis suspensions was improved by the addition of 5mM glutamine (Suezawa et al. Amino acid supplements have also been used to boost the rate of growth of callus cultures. Glutamic acid seemed to be primarily responsible for the growth promotion of sweet clover 82 the Components of Plant Tissue Culture Media I: Macro- and Micro-Nutrients callus caused by casein hydrolysate on a medium containing 26. Usually it is unnecessary to add amino acids to media supporting shoot cultures, but methionine may represent a special case. Druart (1988) found that adding 50-100 mg/l L-methionine to the medium seemed to stimulate cytokinin activity and caused cultures of Prunus glandulosa var. This promotive effect of Lmethionine was thought to be due to it acting as a precursor of ethylene (see Chapter 7). Glutamine inhibited the growth of apical domes excised from Coleus blumei shoots (Smith, 1981) and 50-100 mg/l glutamic acid inhibited shoot growth, the formation of axillary buds and shoot proliferation in cultures of woody plants (Druart, loc. L-Citrulline is an important intermediate in nitrogen metabolism in the genus Alnus. Casein hydrolysate is therefore sometimes added to the media for Stage I shoot cultures so that infected explants can be rejected quickly (Schulze, 1988). There are several examples of the amino acid Lasparagine being able to stimulate morphogenesis. This may be because it too can be a precursor of ethylene (Durzan, 1982), the biosynthesis of which may be increased by greater substrate availability. Kamada and Harada (1977) found that the addition of 5 mM L-asparagine stimulated both callus and bud formation in stem segments of Torenia fournieri, while alanine (and, to a lesser extent, glutamic acid) increased flower bud formation from Torenia internode segments when both an auxin and a cytokinin were present. An increase in the number of adventitious buds formed on the cotyledons and hypocotyl of Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings occurred when 1. White (1954)], casein hydrolysate, or an amino acid such as alanine, or glutamine, is often promotory (Ranga Swamy, 1958; Ammirato and Steward, 1971; Street, 1979). For embryogenesis in carrot cultures, Wetherell and Dougall (1976) have shown that in a medium containing potassium nitrate, reduced nitrogen in the form of ammonium chloride matched the effectiveness of an equivalent concentration of nitrogen from casein hydrolysate. Casein hydrolysate could be replaced by glutamine, glutamic acid, urea or alanine. Armstrong and Green (1985) found that the frequency of friable callus and somatic embryo formation from immature embryos of Zea mays increased almost linearly with the addition of up to 25 mM proline to Chu et al. The growth of somatic embryos can also be affected by the availability of reduced nitrogen. Young storage cotyledons isolated from immature zygotic embryos accumulate protein efficiently when cultured with amino acids in a medium without nitrate and [total N, 60.

Likewise medications prescribed for ptsd order oxytrol with amex, requiring the "vehicle" to medications you can crush order oxytrol 2.5mg allow for "uniform application" to medications identification purchase oxytrol american express the "skin," the Court concludes that the passage also encompasses the concept of being "cosmeceutically" acceptable. Accordingly, the Court will construe the term "physiologically and cosmeceutically acceptable vehicle" to mean, as Defendants contend, "a solvent, diluent, or dispersant for the constituents of the composition that allows for the uniform application of the constituents to the surface of the skin at an appropriate dilution. First, in support of their position that the "physiologically and cosmeceutically acceptable vehicle" not irritate or damage the skin and that it have suitable appearance, scent, texture, and consistency, Plaintiffs rely exclusively on extrinsic evidence. Samsung contends plasma etching means: a strictly chemical process where the wafer being etched sits in a plasma, there is no bias potential (electrical charge) intentionally applied and the pressure is so high that there is negligible ion bombardment, for purposes of etching the wafer by direct involvement of the plasma, and which results in isotropic etching. Samsung identifies a number of differences between the process it practices - reactive-ion etching - and its definition of plasma etching as used in the Ingrey patent. Northern Telecom, on the other hand, argues that plasma etching as envisioned by the Ingrey patent encompasses etching conducted in a broad range of reactors and under different process conditions, so long as the initial step involves a gaseous trihalide, comprising at least in part a boron trihalide, which is broken up in a radio frequency plasma into chemically active radicals that react with aluminum and aluminum oxide to form a volatile compound that can easily be removed from the etching chamber. Put another way, Northern Telecom contends the Ingrey patent does not exclude processes in which mechanisms in addition to the chemical reactions in a plasma -. Northern Telecom argues the court need only look to this definition to determine the meaning of plasma etching in the claims, while Samsung argues that the meaning of plasma etching must also be interpreted in light of the prosecution history, the remainder of the patent specifications, and relevant extrinsic evidence. Indeed, the Federal Circuit has clearly held that courts should interpret the meaning of claim language with reference to such evidence. Accordingly, the court will consider the specifications and the prosecution history in determining the meaning of the terms used in the claims. Northern Telecom contends that the Remarks are irrelevant because the Examiner had already determined that claims in the amended form would be allowable, see Londen Decl. A patentee who construes the claims in a patent application narrowly before the Patent Office is estopped from later construing them broadly before the courts. Assertions made by a patent applicant to the Patent and Trademark Office in support of patentability are part of the file wrapper or prosecution history and may be used to interpret the claims and define their terms. While the Examiner had indicated that with the suggested amendments the claims would be allowable, the Examiner did not actually issue the Notice of Allowance until February 4, 1977, after receiving the Response which contained both the amendments and the Remarks. B (communication from Examiner closing prosecution on merits in view of January 17, 1977 response). Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the Examiner at least read the Remarks prior to issuing the Notice. However, whether or not the Examiner relied on the Remarks, the Federal Circuit has clearly stated that such representations, whether or not made to secure patentability, may estop the patentee from subsequently advancing a contrary interpretation and are relevant to ascertaining what the applicant meant by terms used in the claims. In sputter etching the plasma is entirely incidental to the ion bombardment, which bombardment is the etching mechanism. The effect can as readily be affected by using a non-plasma condition by bombarding the surface with ions from an ion gun. Further, a plasma is defined as neutral environment, that is one that has equal members of positive and negative ions. In ion etching (as compared to plasma etching) the target does not sit in the plasma but in a positive space charge. In the present invention the plasma is part of the etching process in that the etching process uses neutrals, (uncharged particles) in the reaction, these being from the - 1438 - Jump to: plasma. A­ B­ C­ D­ E ­ F­ G­ H­ I­ J­ K­ L­ M­ N­ O­ P­ Q­ R­ S­T­ U­V­W­ X­Y­ Z MacPherson Decl. The court must determine whether these Remarks distinguish the Ingrey invention from sputter etching or from reactive ion etching. Unfortunately, while the question is straightforward, the answer is not, due to mistakes and poor draftsmanship which render the Remarks fundamentally ambiguous. The parties agree that references A (Fraser) and B (Zielinski) disclose reactive ion etching processes, i. Paragraph 2 of the Remarks begins with the statement: "the references A, B, and C. In context, it is clear that the Remarks are concerned with the etch mechanism, not the etch gas. Samsung argues that the second and third sentences (beginning "In sputter etching. Under this interpretation, Jelly used the term "ion etching" to mean reactive ion etching. This interpretation is attractive because it allows paragraph 2 to be read as internally consistent.

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